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Draft evasion is an intentional decision not to comply with the military conscription policies of one's nation. Such practices that do not involve law breaking or which are based on conscientious objection are sometimes referred to as "draft avoidance." Refusing to submit to the draft is considered a criminal offense in most countries where conscription is in effect. Those who practice draft evasion are sometimes pejoratively referred to as "draft dodgers", a term which was made popular during the Vietnam War. Draft evasion is distinct from desertion in that only an active member of a military service can become a deserter by absenting himself or herself from the army without receiving a valid leave of absence or discharge and without any intention of returning to the army. ==Avoidance, evasion, resistance and desertion compared== It is possible to draw a contrast between ''draft evasion'' and ''draft avoidance.'' Just as ''tax avoidance'' is defined as reducing or eliminating one's tax liability through legal means, ''draft avoidance'' is the elimination or mitigation of a potential conscript's military service obligation through some lawful procedure. The Vietnam era version of ''Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'' (1968) simply defined ''draft dodger'' as "one who avoids military service" regardless how it was done.〔"Draft Dodger". ''Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. 1968.〕 Some means of draft avoidance: * Being a conscientious objector, whether one's anti-war sentiment is religious or otherwise. Peace churches, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonites, Amish, Brethren, Christian anarchists, Rastafari and Quakers, oppose any kind of military service for their members, even in non-combatant fields, but are not opposed to alternative non-uniformed civilian service. Note that many people who support conscription will distinguish between "bona fide" ''conscientious objection'' and ''draft dodging'', which they view as evasion of military service ''without'' a valid excuse. Conscientious objection would be considered ''evasion'' if the sentiment was not genuine. * Seeking excusal from military service due to health reasons - this would be considered ''evasion'' if the purported health issue was feigned or overstated. * Marrying and/or fathering children, if the military in question will grant deferments to spouses and/or parents. * Claiming to be homosexual, when the military in question excludes homosexuals—this would be considered ''evasion'' if the claim was false, but if the potential conscript is in fact a homosexual, it would be the rules of the military body that prevent him from enlisting, even if he wished to do so. * Seeking and receiving a student deferment. This would be considered ''evasion'' if false or misleading academic credentials were used. Some notable US figures avoided the draft as students, such as Bill Clinton,〔http://www.1stcavmedic.com/bill-clinton-draft.htm〕 Joe Biden, and Dick Cheney. * Being employed in or applying for a job in an "essential" civilian occupation and seeking deferment on those grounds. Farmers are usually exempt as are individuals employed in defense related industries. Often this required a letter from the potential draftee's employer to be accepted. After receiving deferment as a student, 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate Rudolph Giuliani received further deferment after his occupation as a law clerk was deemed "essential" by the Selective Service. * Non-pacifist churches have at times deferred missionaries as "divinity students". During the Vietnam War The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) became embroiled in controversy for deferring large numbers of its young members.〔Kranish, Michael; Hellman, Scott (2012). ''The Real Romney''. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.〕 The LDS church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any one state; however, this generally did not stop LDS missionaries who lived outside. This cap was church wide in the United States and was not limited to Utah. Only two missionaries a year were allowed from each ward.〔I was active member of the church at that time and was eligible for the draft〕Utah〔 (such as 2008 and 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney) from receiving deferments with relative ease.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rudy and Romney: Artful dodgers )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mormon church obtained Vietnam draft deferrals for Romney, other missionaries )〕 * Simply declining to enlist, if the potential conscript appears likely to avoid the draft through sheer "luck of the draw". During the Vietnam War, not all eligible young men were drafted; many who had a high lottery number simply took no action, knowing that they were unlikely to ever be drafted. Declining to enlist is not ''evasion.'' * Paying a stand-in to take one's place if drafted. In most countries this is no longer legally sanctioned, but it was a lawful and very common practice in the American Civil War. Grover Cleveland, who later became the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Fourth President of the United States, paid a substitute during the Civil War, an act for which he was criticized when he ran for President. * In some countries it is often possible to evade military service by bribing corrupt draft officers, or by finding a doctor who will certify one as medically unfit. * Deliberately making oneself medically unfit for duty. This could include consuming large quantities of drugs and alcohol for some time before the medical examination in order to appear addicted, or in more extreme cases, amputating a body part that is critical for service such as trigger fingers or even an entire limb. This could also include self-starvation, as in Abstinence (conscription) practiced by some Jewish conscripts in the Russian Empire. * Moving out of the country (which, depending on the laws in question, may or may not exempt a citizen from the draft). The term ''draft resister'' specifically refers to someone who explicitly refuses military service—simply attempting to flee the draft is draft evasion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「draft evasion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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